🕓 2024/8/10
＃文化
Table of Contents
Samurai were members of the warrior class in Japan, playing a crucial role as a military nobility from the medieval to the early modern period. Originally a term for aristocratic warriors, it came to denote the entire warrior class that dominated the Japanese government from the 12th century until the Meiji Restoration in 1868.
Moreover, Samurai were known not only for their equipment like armor and swords but also for adhering to Bushido, the code of conduct for warriors. However, this Bushido was only clearly documented in the late 17th century when Samurai were no longer actively involved in military operations and functioned more as moral guides or advisors. There was a belief that honor emerged from victory.
Some high-ranking Samurai were also expected to take their own lives to avoid capture. The honorable method was Seppuku, which involved cutting open the stomach, believed to contain the spirit. Samurai usually dressed in pure white clothing, cut their abdomen from left to right, and were then beheaded by an assistant.
The history of the samurai extends back to the Nara period and evolved significantly through the Heian and Kamakura periods, ultimately playing a central role in Japanese politics and society. Below is a detailed explanation of key events by period.
1. Origins and Early Development (Nara Period - Heian Period)
The origins of the samurai can be traced back to the Nara period (710-794), when local aristocrats and powerful families began to form armed groups to protect their lands. This marks the beginning of what would later be known as the "bushi" or warrior class. As the Heian period (794-1185) progressed, the central government's power weakened, leading to the rise of these regional warriors, who gradually accumulated more power and influence.
2. The Rise of the Samurai in the Kamakura Period (12th Century - 14th Century)
In the 12th century, following the Genpei War, Minamoto no Yoritomo established the Kamakura Shogunate, placing the samurai at the center of Japanese politics. The Kamakura period (1185-1333) marks the first time that military rule was established in Japan, with the samurai class dominating both military and political spheres. During this time, the concepts of bushido (the way of the warrior) and the importance of the sword as a symbol of the samurai's honor were strongly emphasized.
3. Prosperity and Turmoil in the Muromachi Period (14th Century - 16th Century)
The Muromachi period (1336-1573) was marked by both cultural flourishing and political instability. Samurai culture continued to develop, with significant influence from Zen Buddhism, which emphasized discipline and a stoic approach to life. However, the Onin War (1467-1477) led to the weakening of the central government, giving rise to the Sengoku period, a time of civil wars. During this era, samurai were heavily involved in the power struggles among regional lords (daimyo), while also contributing to the cultural advancements of the time, such as tea ceremonies, Noh theater, and landscape gardening.
4. Stability and Change in the Edo Period (17th Century - 19th Century)
The Edo period (1603-1868) was a time of peace and stability following the unification of Japan under Tokugawa Ieyasu. During this period, the role of the samurai shifted from military duties to administrative and scholarly roles. The Tokugawa Shogunate required samurai to be proficient not only in martial arts but also in Confucian studies, which emphasized governance and ethics. However, the prolonged peace led to economic challenges for many samurai, as their fixed stipends decreased in value, forcing some to take up new occupations, such as merchants or craftsmen.
5. The Meiji Restoration and the End of the Samurai Era (Late 19th Century)
The Meiji Restoration of 1868 brought an end to the samurai era. With Japan's rapid modernization and the abolition of the feudal system, the samurai lost their privileged status. The Meiji government implemented reforms that included the prohibition of carrying swords in public (haitōrei) in 1876, effectively dismantling the samurai class. Despite this, the values and spirit of bushido remained ingrained in Japanese culture, influencing modern Japan's development. Many former samurai transitioned into roles as government officials, educators, and entrepreneurs, contributing significantly to the country's modernization.
During the Sengoku period, the equipment used by samurai was both practical and symbolic of their social status. Here are the main pieces of equipment:
・Katana (Japanese Sword)
The katana, especially the long sword, was one of the most important weapons for a samurai, symbolizing their honor. The katana, with its curved, single-edged blade, was highly effective in close combat due to its balance of speed and cutting power. This iconic shape developed during the Kamakura period, establishing the katana as a symbol of the samurai. Forged meticulously by skilled craftsmen, a katana could take weeks or even months to produce, resulting in a weapon that was as much a work of art as it was a tool of war.
・Yumi (Bow)
The yumi (bow) was a weapon used by samurai who excelled in archery. Crafted from bamboo, wood, and leather, the yumi was often around two meters long. Its asymmetric shape allowed it to be used effectively from horseback, making it ideal for long-range attacks. Archery was considered both a physical and spiritual discipline, eventually evolving into the martial art of Kyudo..
・Yari (Spear)
The yari (spear) was a highly effective weapon on the battlefield, particularly in group combat. With a long shaft and a sharp blade at the end, the yari allowed samurai to attack their enemies while maintaining distance, making it especially useful in cavalry battles. During the Sengoku period, many samurai preferred the yari for its versatility and efficiency in battle.
・Tate (Shield):
・Kusazuri:
The kusazuri was a skirt-like piece of armor that hung from the lower part of the do (chest armor), protecting the lower body and thighs. Typically made from leather or lacquered iron plates, the kusazuri was designed to balance mobility and protection. Its design allowed samurai to move freely on the battlefield while providing adequate defense.
・Do (Chest Armor):
The do was the primary body armor for samurai, designed to protect the chest and back. Made from iron or leather, this armor evolved over time to offer resistance against firearms. During the Edo period, traditional designs were revived, and new technologies were introduced, further advancing the craftsmanship of the do.
・Kabuto (Helmet):
These pieces of equipment evolved to match changes in tactics and styles of combat during the period, particularly with the advent of firearms, shifting towards plate-style armors.
The samurai class structure during Japan's Sengoku period was highly complex, with numerous ranks and positions. These ranks could fluctuate based on an individual's achievements, battlefield performance, or family lineage. Promotions or demotions often occurred due to specific battles or events. While it was rare, there were instances where someone could rise from the rank of ashigaru (foot soldier) to a daimyo (feudal lord) through exceptional bravery or tactical skill.
1. Shogun:
The Shogun was the highest military and political leader in the warrior government. Originally, the Shogun was a military leader granted the title "Sei-i Taishogun" by the imperial court. The establishment of the Kamakura Shogunate (1185-1333) placed the Shogun at the apex of the samurai class. Through the Kamakura, Muromachi (1336-1573), and Edo (1603-1868) periods, the Shogun was the de facto ruler of Japan, exerting control over the various daimyo across the country.
2. Daimyo:
Daimyo were regional lords who held significant power, second only to the Shogun. They owned vast tracts of land and wielded complete military and economic authority within their territories. The daimyo commanded their own samurai armies, managed tax revenues from their lands, and maintained control over their domains. Their position was usually hereditary, and their influence grew over time, though the Shogun often curtailed their power during the Edo period.
3. Shugo Daimyo:
Shugo Daimyo initially served as military governors under the Kamakura and Muromachi Shogunates, overseeing the governance of specific provinces. Appointed by the Shogun, they had the authority to supervise multiple regions. However, by the late 15th century, the Shugo Daimyo's power began to surpass that of the central government, and they started ruling their territories as autonomous lords. Over time, many evolved into daimyo, establishing themselves as independent rulers.
4. Karō:
Karō were the highest-ranking retainers in a daimyo's household, playing a crucial role in political and economic decision-making. Serving as advisors, they often took charge in the daimyo's absence or during critical moments. During the Edo period, many karō managed the administration and governance of the daimyo's territories, becoming central figures in regional management.
5. Samurai Taisho:
Samurai Taisho were high-ranking samurai responsible for commanding a daimyo or Shogun's army. They played a vital role in executing military campaigns and leading troops in battle. Renowned for their bravery and leadership skills, samurai taisho held significant influence on the battlefield and within their lord's retinue.
6. Rōtō:
Rōtō were direct retainers of a daimyo or high-ranking samurai. They were entrusted with various military and administrative tasks, swearing loyalty to their lord and performing duties ranging from daily management to guarding their master during battle. As close confidants, rōtō played essential roles both in times of war and peace.
7. Kokujin:
Kokujin were local samurai who, although they controlled smaller territories, held independent power in medieval Japan. Initially emerging as jitō (land stewards) during the Kamakura period, they later evolved into regional lords with their own territories during the Muromachi and Sengoku periods. Kokujin often governed their lands independently, sometimes clashing with higher authorities like the Shugo Daimyo or the Shogunate. Some kokujin managed to rise to the rank of daimyo, while others remained independent.
8. Jizamurai:
Jizamurai were small-scale landowners or local samurai who controlled rural villages. Originating from wealthy farmers or influential village leaders, jizamurai emerged as a distinct class during the Muromachi to Azuchi-Momoyama periods. They were responsible for the defense of their territories and served as part of the military forces under a daimyo or kokujin during wars. While some jizamurai were absorbed into the daimyo's retinue as lower-ranking samurai, many remained in their villages, continuing to play a leadership role.
9. Ashigaru:
Ashigaru were the foot soldiers of Japan's Sengoku period, making up the lower ranks of the samurai class. Initially recruited from the peasantry, ashigaru were lightly armed and armored. Over time, particularly with the introduction of firearms (tanegashima), ashigaru evolved into professional soldiers, becoming a crucial part of the armies of daimyo. By the Edo period, ashigaru had become a fixed lower class within the samurai hierarchy, often combining military duties with agricultural or other work.
★ Introduction to tourist sites ★
In this article, we will introduce carefully selected sightseeing spots in Japan.
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These facilities are highly popular among foreign tourists, recommended for those wanting to experience Japanese Samurai culture. Each offers programs enjoyable for both children and adults.