🕓 2023/12/28
＃文化
Table of Contents
Samurai were members of the warrior class in Japan, playing a crucial role as a military nobility from the medieval to the early modern period. Originally a term for aristocratic warriors, it came to denote the entire warrior class that dominated the Japanese government from the 12th century until the Meiji Restoration in 1868.
Moreover, Samurai were known not only for their equipment like armor and swords but also for adhering to Bushido, the code of conduct for warriors. However, this Bushido was only clearly documented in the late 17th century when Samurai were no longer actively involved in military operations and functioned more as moral guides or advisors. There was a belief that honor emerged from victory.
Some high-ranking Samurai were also expected to take their own lives to avoid capture. The honorable method was Seppuku, which involved cutting open the stomach, believed to contain the spirit. Samurai usually dressed in pure white clothing, cut their abdomen from left to right, and were then beheaded by an assistant.
The history of Samurai dates back to the Nara period, and they began to gain power during the Heian period.
In the 12th century, the establishment of the Kamakura Shogunate marked the shift of political power to the Samurai. They continued to dominate the Japanese government throughout the subsequent shogunate periods.
In the Kamakura period, the sword held significant importance in Samurai culture, and sword-making itself was considered an art. Particularly influenced by Zen Buddhism during this period, Samurai valued strict spirituality and morality, establishing Bushido as their unique code of conduct..
During the Muromachi period, amidst political turmoil, the economy and arts flourished, further enriching Samurai culture. However, the Onin War from 1467 to 1477 marked the decline of the Ashikaga Shogunate's authority, and Samurai began playing more direct roles in maintaining public order alongside local lords.
After the Azuchi-Momoyama period, the Edo period saw the unification of Japan under Tokugawa Ieyasu, ushering in over 250 years of peace. In this era, Samurai transitioned from their traditional military roles to administrative and intellectual tasks. However, their material prosperity waned, and many struggled to make a living..
The Meiji Restoration marked the end of the Samurai era. In 1868, Samurai lost their military and political status, and their social standing also changed. Many had to find new roles as professionals or entrepreneurs. Ironically, this change was also brought about by the Samurai themselves. After the Meiji Restoration, Bushido was adopted as the nation's moral guideline, and leaders of Samurai origin who led Japan's modernization played leading roles in all sectors of Japanese society.
During the Sengoku period, Samurai equipment combined practicality with symbols of social status. The main equipment included:。
These pieces of equipment evolved to match changes in tactics and styles of combat during the period, particularly with the advent of firearms, shifting towards plate-style armors.
The ranking system among Samurai during the Sengoku period was complex with many levels, determined by an individual's lineage, bravery, and status. Major ranks included:
Shogun:
The supreme leader of the military government, at the apex of the warrior class, overseeing the nation's military and politics.
Daimyo:
Regional lords governing their territories, holding significant power next to the Shogun.
Shugo Daimyo:
Daimyo who ruled specific regions, acting as the top of regional governments.
Karō:
High-ranking retainers in a Daimyo's service, involved in important political and economic decisions.
Samurai Taisho:
Warriors commanding armies for Daimyo or Shogun.
Rōtō:
Direct retainers of Daimyo or high-ranking warriors, handling specific military and administrative tasks.
Kokujin:
Local warriors governing small independent areas.
Jizamurai:
Warriors ruling small domains or rural villages.
Ashigaru:
Lower-ranked soldiers working under Daimyo or Shogun, mainly serving as infantry.
These ranks could change based on individual achievements, battlefield prowess, or lineage, with promotions or demotions occurring due to specific battles or events. While it was rare for someone to rise from Ashigaru to Daimyo, there were instances where exceptional bravery or tactics led to significant promotions. The ranking system deeply influenced Japanese politics, economy, and culture.
★ Introduction to tourist sites ★
In this article, we will introduce carefully selected sightseeing spots in Japan.
If you bookmark this site, you will be able to know the tourist information that you should keep in mind. It is currently being updated rapidly and will provide you with an even more interesting experience of finding tourist spots.
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These facilities are highly popular among foreign tourists, recommended for those wanting to experience Japanese Samurai culture. Each offers programs enjoyable for both children and adults.