🕓 2024/7/30
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Shitennoji is a temple of great significance in the history of Japanese Buddhism, located in Osaka City. It is widely recognized as one of the oldest officially administered Buddhist temples in Japan, established in 593 by Prince Shotoku. The founding of Shitennoji was driven by a major purpose: to promote the spread of Buddhism and encourage faith in the religion. The temple's name is derived from the Four Heavenly Kings (Shitenno) of Buddhism, who are enshrined here: Jikokuten of the East, Zochoten of the South, Komokuten of the West, and Tamonten of the North.
In this article, we will provide a detailed introduction to Shitennoji, covering its overview, history, and main attractions. Shitennoji continues to captivate many visitors with its historical value and beautiful architecture, and we aim to convey its charm in full.
Shitennoji is a historic Buddhist temple located in Osaka, Japan. It is known as one of the oldest officially administered Buddhist temples in Japan, established in 593 by Prince Shotoku. Prince Shotoku was a significant promoter of Buddhism, and Shitennoji stands as a symbolic site of his efforts. The temple's name derives from the Four Heavenly Kings (Shitenno) of Buddhism, who are enshrined here: Jikokuten of the East, Zochoten of the South, Komokuten of the West, and Tamonten of the North. These Four Heavenly Kings are considered the protectors of the temple, and statues of each are housed within the temple grounds. Notably, the five-story pagoda at the center of Shitennoji symbolizes these guardian deities.
The temple buildings have been damaged multiple times throughout history due to fires and wars, but they have been faithfully reconstructed to replicate the original 6th-century design. This dedication to preservation has allowed Shitennoji to retain its ancient appearance. The temple grounds include the Main Hall (Kondo), Lecture Hall (Kodo), Treasure House, and the Gokuraku-Jodo Garden, each holding unique historical and cultural significance. The Main Hall, where Buddha statues are enshrined, is particularly known for its statue of the Kannon Bodhisattva.
The garden at Shitennoji symbolizes the Pure Land of Amida Buddha, as envisioned in Jodo (Pure Land) Buddhism. It features beautiful landscapes, including a pond and stone bridges, offering a peaceful setting for meditation and strolls. The Treasure House within the temple displays ancient Buddhist artifacts and texts, providing a place of learning for visitors.
Additionally, Shitennoji hosts many Buddhist events throughout the year. The "Shitennoji Temple Fair," held on the 21st of each month, attracts numerous visitors. This fair includes various rituals and events related to Buddhism. The temple is accessible from Shitennoji-mae Yuhigaoka Station on the Osaka Metro Tanimachi Line, about an 8-minute walk, or from Tennoji Station on the JR Osaka Loop Line, about a 10-minute walk.
The history of Shitennoji spans many significant events from its founding to the present day. Below is a chronological overview of the main events.
■ Founding and Early History (593)
出展：四天王寺 HP
Shitennoji was founded in 593 by Prince Shotoku and is considered the oldest officially administered Buddhist temple in Japan. Prince Shotoku established Shitennoji to enshrine the Four Heavenly Kings (Jikokuten, Zochoten, Komokuten, Tamonten), the guardian deities of Buddhism, from whom the temple takes its name. Shitennoji played a crucial role in promoting the spread of Buddhism in Japan and supporting social welfare activities. As a result, facilities such as hospitals, dispensaries, and orphanages were established within the temple grounds, supporting not only religious activities but also social services.
■ Reconstruction and Fires (8th - 16th Century)
Shitennoji experienced multiple fires and conflicts from the 8th to the 16th centuries. Following the relocation of the capital to Heian-kyo in 794, the temple buildings suffered significant damage from major fires during the Heian, Kamakura, and Muromachi periods. These fires highlighted the vulnerability of wooden structures, but each time, devoted supporters helped to reconstruct the temple. The reconstructions consistently aimed to faithfully replicate the original 6th-century design, particularly for major structures like the five-story pagoda and the Main Hall (Kondo). These efforts were crucial in preserving the temple's religious and historical significance.
■ Edo Period Restoration (17th Century)
In the Edo period, Shitennoji underwent extensive restoration and rebuilding with support from the Tokugawa shogunate, especially following the damage sustained during the Siege of Osaka (1614-1615). In 1623, under the order of Tokugawa Iemitsu, the "Cat Gate" (Neko-mon) was rebuilt, featuring a famous carving of a sleeping cat by the sculptor Hidari Jingoro. This restoration reflected the architectural techniques and aesthetics of the Edo period, laying the foundation for the current Shitennoji. During this time, the temple's cultural influence grew, attracting numerous devotees and visitors.
■ Post-World War II Reconstruction (20th Century)
During World War II, Shitennoji suffered significant damage in the 1945 air raids on Osaka. The temple was rebuilt in the 1950s and 1960s, using modern concrete technology while adhering to the traditional 6th-century design to maintain its historical appearance.
■ Modern Preservation Efforts
Today, Shitennoji plays an important role in cultural preservation. The buildings and artworks within the temple are carefully protected and restored by experts, and the temple is open to the public. Shitennoji is also a popular tourist destination, where many visitors come to appreciate its history and beauty.
Shitennoji is renowned for its historical significance and beauty, offering many notable spots for visitors. Here are some of the main highlights:
■ Five-Story Pagoda and Main Hall (Kondo)
The Five-Story Pagoda is a symbol of Shitennoji, and visitors can enter and climb it. Reconstructed in 1957, this pagoda features the traditional characteristics of a Buddhist five-story pagoda. Each floor houses relics related to Buddhism, and memorial tablets are placed inside to honor ancestors.
Adjacent to the pagoda is the Main Hall (Kondo), which enshrines a statue of Kannon Bodhisattva, the Buddhist deity of compassion, as its principal image. This statue is believed to represent Prince Shotoku and serves as an important object of worship for Buddhists. The interior of the Kondo is adorned with beautiful statues and murals, offering visitors a glimpse into Buddhist art.
■ Gokuraku-Jodo Garden
The Gokuraku-Jodo Garden symbolizes the Western Pure Land of Amida Buddha and is characterized by its beautiful pond and stone arrangements. The garden is designed based on the story of "The White Path Between Two Rivers," taught by the Chinese monk Zendo. Within the garden, there are representations of the "River of Water" and the "River of Fire," symbolizing human desires and passions. At the center of the garden is a lotus pond, providing a serene and peaceful environment for meditation and reflection. Visitors can enjoy different seasonal landscapes, especially the cherry blossoms in spring and the vibrant autumn leaves.
■ Lecture Hall (Kodo)
The Lecture Hall (Kodo) serves as a place for learning Buddhist teachings. Inside, there are paintings depicting the history and doctrines of Buddhism, offering visitors an opportunity to deepen their knowledge of the religion. The hall also hosts many cultural events and ceremonies of Shitennoji, making it an important gathering place for Buddhists.
■ Rokujireisando (Hall of Six Times Chanting)
This hall is one of the most significant buildings in Shitennoji. It is used for chanting Buddhist scriptures and prayers at six specific times each day: morning, noon, evening, night, midnight, and dawn. These time periods are particularly important in Buddhism, and ceremonies and worship are conducted according to this schedule.
The hall is adorned with numerous Buddhist statues and religious art, providing a space for spiritual comfort. The murals and decorations inside visually express Buddhist teachings, helping deepen the faith of visitors.
■ South Bell Tower (Nansho-do)
The South Bell Tower houses a large bell, known for its resonant sound that can be heard far and wide. This bell has been used since ancient times to honor deceased ancestors. It is believed that the sound of the bell reaches the Pure Land, making it especially significant for Buddhists.
The tower itself is a traditional Japanese architectural structure, featuring beautiful carvings and decorations. The large bell inside is a notable feature, and its sound resonates throughout the temple grounds.
■ Treasure House
The Treasure House exhibits valuable artifacts related to Shitennoji, making it a must-visit for those interested in Buddhist art and history. The collection includes statues of Prince Shotoku, ancient Buddhist scriptures, paintings, and sculptures. Particularly noteworthy are the twelve bronze mirrors dating back to the 7th century, which are designated as National Treasures of Japan.
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Shitennoji continues to convey its history and beauty as a significant presence in Japan's Buddhist history and culture. Founded by Prince Shotoku in 593, the temple has undergone numerous disasters and reconstructions, maintaining its current form. Today, Shitennoji continues to attract many worshippers and tourists through its Buddhist ceremonies and cultural events.
Visiting Shitennoji allows you to experience the richness of Japan's history and culture and appreciate its spiritual heritage. We hope this article helps deepen your understanding of Shitennoji's appeal and encourages many to visit this precious temple.