A Detailed Explanation of the History and Overview of Arima Onsen

 

　Table of Contents

1. Overview of Arima Onsen
2. History of Arima Onsen
3. Highlights of Arima Onsen
   

Introduction

Arima Onsen, one of Japan’s three oldest hot springs, has a long history and has been loved by many people since ancient times. Known for its rich variety of spring qualities and numerous historical landmarks, Arima offers visitors more than just a place to enjoy hot springs—it’s a destination where they can also experience history and culture. This unique combination creates a special experience for those who visit.

In this article, we will provide a detailed introduction to the features, history, and must-see highlights of Arima Onsen.

1. Overview of Arima Onsen 

Arima Onsen is one of Japan’s most renowned hot springs, known as one of the "Three Ancient Springs of Japan" (Nihon Sankosen). It is located in the mountainous area of Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture, and boasts a rich history that dates back to the Asuka period. The Nihon Shoki (Chronicles of Japan) records that Emperor Jomei visited Arima Onsen in 631 AD. Due to its abundant spring qualities and long history, Arima Onsen has been loved by both domestic and international tourists.

The most distinctive feature of Arima Onsen is its two types of hot springs: “Kin-sen” (Golden Spring) and “Gin-sen” (Silver Spring). Kin-sen is a reddish-brown chloride spring rich in iron, known for its excellent heat retention and moisturizing properties, making it particularly beneficial for the skin. On the other hand, Gin-sen consists of clear carbonated or radium springs, which are said to have refreshing and revitalizing effects. These spring qualities are supplied from deep within the earth, containing rare and valuable minerals.

As a hot spring resort, Arima Onsen experienced significant development during the Sengoku period under the influence of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. After the Keicho Fushimi Earthquake of 1596, which caused the water temperature of the hot springs to rise drastically, Hideyoshi carried out large-scale renovations, leading to Arima's revival. He also built the "Yuyama Goten" (Yuyama Palace) and is said to have visited Arima for therapeutic purposes. These renovations laid the foundation for Arima Onsen's prosperity, which continued for over 350 years.

The town of Arima is lined with traditional inns and hot spring facilities, offering a peaceful atmosphere surrounded by the Rokko Mountains. Visitors can not only enjoy the hot springs but also stroll through the historical spots, making it a special place for relaxation and discovery.

2. History of Arima Onsen 

The history of Arima Onsen has been carefully organized by year to help you better understand the key events that shaped this renowned hot spring.

　1. 631 AD - Visit by Emperor Jomei 

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The earliest record of Arima Onsen dates back to the Asuka period. According to the Nihon Shoki (Chronicles of Japan), Emperor Jomei visited Arima Onsen in 631 AD and stayed for about three months, enjoying the hot springs. This event helped spread the fame of Arima Onsen among the imperial family and nobility, establishing its reputation.

　2. 724 AD - Restoration by Gyoki 

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Gyoki, a prominent Buddhist monk from the Nara period, was known for his dedication to public works and social welfare. In 724 AD, guided by the Medicine Buddha (Yakushi Nyorai), Gyoki visited Arima Onsen and found the area in a state of disrepair. He established the "Onsenji Temple" and led the restoration of the hot spring. The temple houses a statue of the Medicine Buddha, said to have been carved by Gyoki himself, which has become a symbol of Onsenji Temple.

Thanks to this restoration, Arima Onsen flourished once again and continued to thrive as a hot spring resort for the next 370 years.

　3. 1097 AD - Reconstruction by Ninsei 

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At the end of the 11th century, Arima Onsen was devastated by a great flood. The monk Ninsei, who came from Yoshino in Nara Prefecture, led the efforts to rebuild the hot spring resort. He restored the damaged Onsenji Temple and also established 12 new temple lodgings, greatly aiding the recovery of Arima.

Ninsei worked alongside refugees from the Taira clan to revitalize the area, successfully restoring Arima Onsen as a prominent hot spring destination. During this period, Arima Onsen grew in popularity among both the nobility and the common people as a therapeutic hot spring resort.

　4. 1597 AD - Large-Scale Renovations by Toyotomi Hideyoshi 

※Image is for illustration purposes. 

The modern development of Arima Onsen owes much to Toyotomi Hideyoshi. After the Keicho Fushimi Earthquake in 1596 caused a sudden rise in the temperature of the hot springs, Hideyoshi undertook large-scale renovations to strengthen the foundations of the hot spring area.

Hideyoshi, well aware of the healing properties of the hot springs, built the "Yuyama Goten" (Yuyama Palace) and often visited Arima for therapeutic purposes. His efforts during these renovations laid the groundwork for the continued development of Arima Onsen, which persists to this day.

　5. Edo Period - Establishment as a Hot Spring Resort 

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During the Edo period, Arima Onsen became widely accessible to the public. More and more people visited the area for religious pilgrimages or therapeutic baths, and the hot spring town flourished. This period is well-documented in Arima Yuyamaki, a book written by Kaibara Ekiken, which details the prosperity of Arima as a hot spring resort.

Additionally, during this era, the "Hot Spring Rankings" (Onsen Banzuke) were created, and Arima Onsen was ranked as the "Yokozuna of the West," a testament to its reputation and prominence.

　6. Modern-Day Arima Onsen 

Today, Arima Onsen continues to welcome many visitors from Japan and abroad. The traditional hot spring culture can be experienced at various facilities, including the public baths "Kin-no-Yu" (Golden Hot Spring) and "Gin-no-Yu" (Silver Hot Spring). The "Taiko-no-Yu" (Taiko's Hot Spring), named after Toyotomi Hideyoshi, remains a popular attraction, and Arima Onsen continues to thrive as a prominent hot spring destination in modern times.​

3. Highlights of Arima Onsen 

Arima Onsen offers not only relaxing hot springs but also various spots where visitors can immerse themselves in history and culture. Below are some key places to visit during your trip to Arima Onsen.

　■ Kin-no-Yu and Gin-no-Yu 

Kin-no-Yu (Golden Hot Spring) and Gin-no-Yu (Silver Hot Spring) are two public bathhouses where visitors can enjoy the distinct properties of the two types of hot springs. At Kin-no-Yu, you can experience the reddish-brown iron-rich waters of Kin-sen. These high-temperature springs warm the body from the inside and are particularly effective for relieving nerve pain, muscle aches, and poor circulation. On the other hand, Gin-no-Yu features clear carbonated and radium springs known as Gin-sen, which leave the skin feeling smooth and are ideal for refreshing and revitalizing.

Nearby Gin-no-Yu, there is the "Tansan Sengen Park" where you can drink natural carbonated water directly from the source.

　■ Nene Bridge and Taiko Bridge 

Nene Bridge is a striking red bridge located in the heart of Arima Onsen, named after Nene (also known as Kita no Mandokoro), the wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. It is said that Hideyoshi and Nene visited Arima Onsen multiple times to enjoy its healing properties. The bridge is named after the fact that Nene crossed the river here during one of her visits, and it holds historical significance.

Taiko Bridge is another bridge tied to the history of Toyotomi Hideyoshi at Arima Onsen. Hideyoshi, who deeply loved Arima Onsen, frequently visited the area for therapeutic purposes. The bridge stands along a path that Hideyoshi is said to have traveled, and as its name "Taiko" suggests, it is closely associated with this historical figure.

　■ Tansan Senbei 

Tansan Senbei (carbonated crackers) is a famous local specialty of Arima Onsen. These light, crispy crackers are made using the carbonated water from the local springs. Originating in the Meiji era, Tansan Senbei has a long history, and its refreshing taste and crispy texture make it a popular souvenir.

Tansan Senbei can be purchased at many shops throughout Arima Onsen, with Mitsumori Honpo and Yuno Hana-do Honpo being highly recommended. These shops still use traditional methods to bake the crackers, and some even offer freshly made versions for visitors to enjoy.

　■ Onsenji Temple 

Founded by Gyoki in the Nara period, Onsenji Temple has a deep connection with the history of Arima Onsen. The temple enshrines the Medicine Buddha (Yakushi Nyorai), who is regarded as the protector of the hot springs. Within the temple grounds is a small museum called "Gosoan," where visitors can learn about the history and culture of Arima Onsen, making it a place of both spiritual and historical value.

　■ Taiko-no-Yu Densokan (Taiko’s Bathhouse Museum) 

Taiko-no-Yu Densokan is a museum located in Arima Onsen that preserves and exhibits the remains of Toyotomi Hideyoshi’s "Yuyama Goten" (Yuyama Palace), which were discovered after the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake in 1995. This palace is a symbol of Hideyoshi’s deep affection for Arima Onsen. The museum displays remnants of the bath Hideyoshi used, along with the garden, steam baths, and stone baths. Visitors can also view artifacts such as roof tiles and tea utensils, making it a popular spot to learn about the history of Hideyoshi and Arima Onsen.

 In Conclusion 

In conclusion, Arima Onsen has long provided visitors with healing and inspiration through its rich history and culture. Beyond the charm of its hot springs, Arima is filled with historical buildings, shrines, museums, and countless other attractions that can be enjoyed by everyone. We highly encourage you to visit Arima Onsen, experience its unique culture and atmosphere, and enjoy a refreshing time that will rejuvenate both your body and mind.