Hikone Castle: A Detailed Explanation of Its History and Overview

 

　Table of Contents

1. Overview of Hikone Castle
2. History of Hikone Castle
3. Highlights of Hikone Castle
   

Introduction

Hikone Castle is an important cultural heritage site that embodies Japan's rich history and culture. Its charm lies in the beautiful structure of the castle, the lush natural surroundings, and its deep historical significance. In this article, we will provide a detailed introduction to the overview, history, and main highlights of Hikone Castle.

Each section covers the background of the castle's origins up to the present day, as well as the key spots that visitors should explore.

1. Overview of Hikone Castle 

Hikone Castle is a historic castle located in Hikone City, Shiga Prefecture, and was constructed during the early Edo period. The construction began in 1603 and was completed approximately 20 years later, in 1622. Hikone Castle is one of the twelve remaining original castles in Japan and is designated as a National Treasure due to its exceptional cultural significance.

The castle's construction was overseen by Ii Naomasa, a prominent samurai of the Sengoku period, and later by his successor, Ii Naotaka. The Ii clan, which served as the castle's lords for about 260 years, played a significant role in the castle's history. Naomasa was a loyal retainer of Tokugawa Ieyasu, and as a reward for his contributions in the Battle of Sekigahara, he was granted the land of Hikone. Initially, the Ii clan resided in Sawayama Castle, which had previously belonged to Ishida Mitsunari, but under Ieyasu's orders, the construction of Hikone Castle began. Materials from the old Sawayama Castle, as well as from Otsu Castle and Nagahama Castle, were repurposed in the construction of Hikone Castle, earning it the nickname "Recycled Castle."

The castle is renowned for its beautiful three-story keep, which features a unique design combining various architectural styles. Surrounding the castle are double moats, gates, and turrets that have remained intact since their original construction, providing a well-preserved example of the defensive structures typical of Japan's Sengoku and Edo periods. From the keep, visitors can enjoy stunning views of Hikone City and Lake Biwa.

Additionally, the castle grounds house the Hikone Castle Museum, which exhibits valuable historical artifacts, including items belonging to the Ii family, armor, paintings, and letters. Visitors can gain a deeper understanding of the history and culture of Hikone Castle through these exhibits.

Hikone Castle continues to attract many tourists today, and its popularity has grown even more since the introduction of Hikone's beloved mascot, "Hikonyan." Created in 2007 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Hikone Castle's construction, Hikonyan's adorable appearance has charmed countless visitors.

2. History of Hikone Castle 

Hikone Castle continues to captivate people not only as a historical structure but also as a symbol of Japan's culture and history.

　1. Construction and Early History (1603-1622)

The construction of Hikone Castle began in 1603 after Ii Naomasa, who contributed to Tokugawa Ieyasu's victory at the Battle of Sekigahara, entered Hikone. The castle was built on the site of Ishida Mitsunari’s former Sawayama Castle and was completed as Hikone Castle in 1622. Materials from Sawayama Castle, Otsu Castle, and Nagahama Castle were repurposed in its construction. It took about 20 years to complete Hikone Castle, during which time the Ii clan governed Hikone as important retainers of the Tokugawa shogunate.​

　2. Prosperity During the Edo Period (1622-1868)

Hikone Castle held significant strategic and political importance, having been constructed under the orders of Tokugawa Ieyasu. The castle was fortified with double moats and sturdy stone walls and served as the residence of the Ii family throughout the Edo period. During this time, the Ii family held key positions in the Tokugawa shogunate, and the Hikone Domain grew in influence. The area around the castle also developed into a bustling castle town, with samurai residences and merchant quarters expanding the urban landscape.

　3. The Tumult of the Bakumatsu Period and the Assassination of Ii Naosuke (1860)

During the tumultuous Bakumatsu period, Ii Naosuke, the lord of Hikone, played a major role in Japanese politics as the tairō (chief senior councilor) of the shogunate. He was instrumental in the Ansei Purge and in advancing the policy of opening Japan to foreign trade, culminating in the signing of the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and Japan. However, these policies faced strong opposition within the country, earning him many enemies among samurai and anti-foreign factions.

On March 3, 1860, Ii Naosuke was assassinated in the infamous "Sakuradamon Incident" by samurai from the Mito and Satsuma domains. This event triggered significant political turmoil and further deepened the unrest of the Bakumatsu period. The loss of their lord left the Hikone Domain in disarray, and the effects of this upheaval lingered through the remaining years of the Edo period.

　4. The Meiji Restoration and Preservation Efforts (1868-1952)

Following the Meiji Restoration, many castles across Japan were abandoned or demolished. However, Hikone Castle was spared from destruction, even after the abolition of the feudal domain system in 1871. It is said that the decision to preserve the castle was made when Emperor Meiji visited Hikone. In 1952, Hikone Castle was designated as a National Treasure of Japan, leading to further efforts to protect and preserve it as a cultural asset.

　5. Modern Preservation and Tourism (1952-Present)

Hikone Castle remains largely in its original state, with the main keep, many turrets, and gates still intact. A museum has been established within the castle grounds, displaying numerous artifacts related to the Ii family. The castle is also famous for its cherry blossoms, attracting many visitors each spring. In 2007, the castle's mascot character, "Hikonyan," was introduced, playing a significant role in promoting the castle as a major tourist destination.

3. Highlights of Hikone Castle 

Hikone Castle offers numerous attractions that allow visitors to fully appreciate its history and culture. Below is a detailed explanation of the main highlights.

　■ Tenshu (Main Keep)

The main keep of Hikone Castle is a beautiful three-story structure that uniquely blends medieval defensive architecture with more modern elements. This keep is designated as a National Treasure and is one of the twelve remaining original castle keeps in Japan. From the top floor, visitors can enjoy a breathtaking panoramic view of Hikone City and Lake Biwa, Japan's largest lake. Inside the keep, you’ll find exhibits of samurai armor and weapons from the Edo period, providing a glimpse into the lives and battles of the samurai of that era.

　■ Genkyuen Garden

Genkyuen Garden, located on the eastern side of Hikone Castle, is a daimyo garden built in 1677. The garden is designed based on Chinese legends and features a circular strolling garden centered around a large pond. Visitors can enjoy the seasonal beauty of the garden, with autumn’s vibrant foliage and spring’s cherry blossoms being particularly stunning. There is also a teahouse within the garden, offering a tranquil setting to enjoy traditional tea.

　■ Hikone Castle Museum

Located near the main keep, the Hikone Castle Museum is dedicated to the history and culture of the Ii family. The museum displays valuable historical artifacts and artworks related to the Ii family, including samurai armor, letters, and paintings. One of the museum’s highlights is the recreated grand hall, which gives visitors a sense of the high-ranking lifestyle of the Edo period daimyos.

　■ Tenbin Yagura (Balance Turret)

The Tenbin Yagura is a key turret that protected the inner moat of Hikone Castle. True to its name, it consists of two turrets symmetrically positioned like a balance scale. This turret is not only fortified for defense but also features beautiful architectural design and remains preserved in its original form.

　■ Double Moats

Hikone Castle is known for its multiple moats, particularly the double moat system that served as a key defensive feature. These moats were strategically designed to prevent enemy invasion, while also contributing to the castle’s picturesque landscape. A stroll between the outer and inner moats offers a blend of natural beauty and insight into the defensive strategies of the time.

　■ Yume Kyobashi Castle Road

Yume Kyobashi Castle Road is a historic street that extends from Hikone Castle, lined with traditional buildings that recreate the townscape of the Edo period. This street is popular among tourists and features numerous souvenir shops and local eateries. Many shops sell local specialties and traditional crafts, making it a great place to explore and experience Japanese history and culture. The street also offers beautiful views of Hikone Castle and Lake Biwa, making it a popular spot for photography.

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 Conclusion 

Hikone Castle continues to captivate visitors with its grand history and stunning architecture. From the Edo period to the present day, countless stories have colored this castle, and it remains a cherished cultural heritage of Japan. The various attractions within and around the castle are places where history enthusiasts and all visitors alike can find enjoyment.

When you visit Hikone Castle, be sure to fully appreciate its historical significance as well as the beautiful landscapes that harmonize with nature.