A Detailed Explanation of the History and Overview of Matsuyama Castle

 

　Table of Contents

1. Overview of Matsuyama Castle
2. History of Matsuyama Castle
3. Highlights of Matsuyama Castle
   

Introduction

Matsuyama Castle is renowned as one of Japan's most historically and culturally significant castles. In this article, we provide a detailed introduction to the overview, history, and highlights of Matsuyama Castle. Through this article, you will gain a deeper understanding of the charm of Matsuyama Castle and find useful information for your visit.

By exploring the historical background, unique architectural techniques, and beautiful landscapes, you will be able to appreciate Japan's history and culture even more.

1. Overview of Matsuyama Castle 

Matsuyama Castle is located atop Mount Katsuyama, which stands at an elevation of 132 meters in the heart of Matsuyama City, Ehime Prefecture. The castle was constructed by Kato Yoshiaki during the early Edo period, between 1602 and 1628. It is a prime example of a "hirayamashiro" (hilltop castle) and is one of the twelve remaining original castle keeps (genson tenshu) in Japan.

Historically, Matsuyama Castle was ruled by the Kato, Gamo, and Matsudaira clans. During the Matsudaira era, significant renovations were undertaken, and the current three-story main keep was completed in 1854. This keep is notable as the last one built during the Edo period and is highly regarded for its historical value.

The castle is renowned for its complex and elaborate defensive structures. The stone walls reach a maximum height of 17 meters, and the castle features hidden gates and cleverly designed defense zones. The main enclosure, or honmaru, is located at the mountain's summit, offering breathtaking panoramic views of Matsuyama City and the Seto Inland Sea. Inside the castle, visitors can explore exhibits of samurai armor, weapons, and ancient maps, providing an opportunity to learn about the castle's history while admiring its grand architecture. In spring, approximately 200 cherry trees bloom, making Matsuyama Castle a famous spot for cherry blossom viewing.。

Matsuyama Castle is a highly popular tourist destination, known for its easy accessibility. Visitors can reach the summit of Mount Katsuyama using a ropeway or lift, making it particularly convenient for tourists. The castle is also illuminated at night, creating a magical atmosphere that, combined with the night view of Matsuyama City, has earned it a place among Japan's "Night View Heritage" sites.

2. History of Matsuyama Castle 

Matsuyama Castle, constructed by Kato Yoshiaki between 1602 and 1628, boasts a grand history dating back to the early Edo period. Below is a detailed explanation of Matsuyama Castle's history, divided into key events.

　1. Construction and Early History (1602-1635)

出展：備中松山城 公式HP

Matsuyama Castle's construction began in 1602 under the orders of Kato Yoshiaki, who was granted the land of Iyo-Matsuyama as a reward for his contributions in the Battle of Sekigahara. Determined to build a formidable fortress, Yoshiaki started construction in 1603, and the work continued for about 25 years until 1627. The castle originally featured a five-story main keep and incorporated the latest defensive technologies of the time.

The castle was designed with multiple layers of defenses, including clever mechanisms to repel invaders. However, Yoshiaki was transferred to the Aizu domain in 1627, before the castle was fully completed.

　2. Rule of the Matsudaira Clan and Reconstruction (1635-1784)

After the Kato clan was transferred to Aizu, Matsuyama Castle briefly came under the rule of the Gamo clan before Matsudaira Sadayuki took over as the castle lord in 1635, marking the beginning of the Matsudaira clan's rule. Sadayuki oversaw the reconstruction and expansion of the castle, further enhancing its defensive capabilities.

However, in 1784, the castle suffered a significant disaster when lightning struck and caused a fire that destroyed the main keep. This fire severely impacted both the castle's defensive functions and its symbolic role.

　3. Reconstruction and the Late Edo Period (1784-1868)

The main keep of Matsuyama Castle was rebuilt between 1847 and 1854. This reconstructed keep, though reduced from the original five stories to three, is the last main keep built during the Edo period and still stands today. Despite its smaller size, the sturdy construction and beautiful exterior of the keep have been preserved as the symbol of Matsuyama Castle.

During the late Edo period, the castle briefly came under occupation by the Satsuma domain, but fortunately, it sustained no major damage.

　4. Meiji Restoration and Beyond (1868-Present)

After the Meiji Restoration, many Japanese castles were dismantled following the government’s order to abolish feudal domains, but Matsuyama Castle managed to retain much of its structure. In 1874, the castle grounds were converted into a public park known as Shurakuen, which was later renamed Matsuyama Park and reopened to the public in 1910. The castle was officially donated to Matsuyama City in 1923.

Unfortunately, a fire in 1933 destroyed the small keep, the southern and northern corner towers, and other buildings. Despite these losses, ongoing preservation efforts after World War II have allowed Matsuyama Castle to remain a beloved landmark for both locals and visitors, continuing to showcase its majestic presence.

3. Highlights of Matsuyama Castle 

Matsuyama Castle offers numerous attractions that captivate visitors with its grand history and beautiful scenery. Below are some key highlights that you should not miss when visiting the castle.

　■ Main Keep

The main keep of Matsuyama Castle is one of the twelve original castle keeps remaining from the Edo period and is situated at the summit of Mount Katsuyama, 132 meters above sea level. From the keep, you can enjoy panoramic views of Matsuyama City and the Seto Inland Sea, with a breathtaking 360-degree view on clear days.

Inside the keep, exhibits include samurai armor, weapons, and ancient maps, providing insight into the castle's history and the culture of the period. The roof of the keep features the family crest of the ruling clan, a unique characteristic not found in other castles.

　■ Climbing Stone Walls and Hidden Gates

Among the castle’s defensive features, the climbing stone walls (nobori ishigaki) and hidden gates (kakushi mon) are particularly noteworthy. The climbing stone walls are built along the slope of the mountain to prevent attackers from reaching the castle. There are only two such structures still existing in Japan today.

The hidden gates were used as secret entrances to catch enemies by surprise, playing a critical role in the castle's defensive strategy. These features highlight the advanced castle construction techniques of the Edo period.

　■ Ninomaru Historical Garden

The Ninomaru Historical Garden is located in the Ninomaru area of Matsuyama Castle, where the residences of the lord and his retainers once stood. The garden is beautifully landscaped, incorporating the foundations of the original living quarters, with waterways and ponds. In spring, the garden is adorned with cherry blossoms, creating a picturesque scene that attracts many visitors.

Within the garden, you will also find a traditional tea house and small waterfalls, offering a tranquil atmosphere. The garden is dotted with historical buildings and ruins, providing a glimpse into life during the Edo period, making it a popular spot for history enthusiasts.​

　■ Seasonal Events

Matsuyama Castle hosts various events throughout the year, showcasing the beauty of the castle in each season. In spring, the castle is renowned as one of Japan's top 100 cherry blossom viewing spots, with the contrast of the blooming cherry trees against the castle walls being truly spectacular. In summer, the castle is illuminated at night, creating a magical atmosphere. Autumn brings vibrant autumn leaves, and in winter, the castle is often blanketed in snow, offering a serene and different perspective of its beauty.

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 Conclusion 

In conclusion, Matsuyama Castle is a must-visit landmark that combines historical significance with stunning landscapes. Preserved and cherished by many from the Edo period to the present day, this castle is a symbol of Matsuyama City and holds an important place among Japan’s castle architecture. With its rich history, intricate defensive structures, and seasonal beauty, Matsuyama Castle is sure to leave a lasting impression on visitors.

We hope this article serves as a helpful guide when visiting Matsuyama Castle and deepens your appreciation for its charm.