🕓 2024/7/28
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Tenryu-ji Temple, located in the beautiful surroundings of Kyoto's Arashiyama, is the head temple of the Tenryu-ji branch of Rinzai Zen Buddhism. This temple was founded in 1339 by Ashikaga Takauji to honor the memory of Emperor Go-Daigo.
In 1994, Tenryu-ji was registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of the "Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto," and its stunning Sogenchi Garden was the first in Japan to be designated as both a Special Historic Site and a Special Place of Scenic Beauty. This article provides a detailed overview of Tenryu-ji's history and highlights.
Tenryu-ji Temple, located in Kyoto's Arashiyama, is the head temple of the Tenryu-ji branch of Rinzai Zen Buddhism. It was established in 1339 by Ashikaga Takauji to honor Emperor Saga. The temple is particularly famous for its garden, known as the Sogenchi Garden. This garden was the first in Japan to be designated as both a Special Historic Site and a Special Place of Scenic Beauty, and it offers particularly stunning views during the autumn foliage season.
The temple was built to honor the spirit of Emperor Go-Daigo, and its name, "Tenryu" (Heavenly Dragon), is derived from a dream in which a dragon ascended to heaven following the emperor's death. Tenryu-ji holds the top rank among Kyoto's "Five Great Zen Temples" and has played a significant role in the development of Zen Buddhism in Japan.
Designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 under the "Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto," Tenryu-ji is renowned for its historical and cultural significance. The Sogenchi Garden, designed by Muso Soseki, features a stunning pond-centered stroll garden that harmoniously incorporates the natural landscape of Arashiyama and the surrounding scenery.
While the temple buildings have been rebuilt multiple times due to fires, the current structures mostly date back to the Meiji period (1868-1912). However, the garden remains in its original form from the 14th century, making it a highly valuable historical site. Visitors to Tenryu-ji can experience Zen teachings through meditation and practice, offering a unique opportunity to connect with the Zen spirit.
Access to Tenryu-ji is convenient, with a 16-minute train ride from Kyoto Station to JR Saga-Arashiyama Station, followed by a 13-minute walk. It is also close to Arashiyama Station, making it an easily accessible destination for tourists.
Tenryu-ji has experienced many significant events from its foundation to the present day. Below are some of the key events in chronological order.
■ Foundation and Background (1339)
Tenryu-ji was established in 1339 by Ashikaga Takauji. The temple was founded to honor the memory of Emperor Go-Daigo, and it was initially named "Ryūkō-ji" (Dragon Prosperity Temple). However, it was later renamed "Tenryu-ji" (Heavenly Dragon Temple) after Ashikaga Takauji's brother, Ashikaga Tadayoshi, had a dream in which a golden dragon ascended to heaven. The temple's construction was funded by profits from trade with China, with the "Tenryu-ji Ships" being part of this effort. The renowned Zen monk Muso Soseki was appointed as the temple's first chief abbot.
■ Development and Influence (14th Century)
Tenryu-ji became a significant center of Zen Buddhism and was elevated to the highest rank among Kyoto's "Five Great Zen Temples" in 1386. During this period, Muso Soseki designed the Sogenchi Garden, which was later designated as Japan's first "Special Place of Scenic Beauty." The garden's beauty is preserved to this day. Tenryu-ji flourished as a cultural center and had a profound influence on Zen culture in Kyoto.
■ Fires and Rebuilding (15th–19th Century)
Tenryu-ji suffered numerous fires throughout its history. The first major fire occurred in 1358, and subsequent fires during events like the Onin War (1467–1477) and another fire in the early 18th century caused significant damage. The Onin War, in particular, inflicted heavy damage on many temples in Kyoto, including Tenryu-ji.
In 1590, with the support of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, reconstruction efforts were undertaken, but fires continued to plague the temple. In 1815, nearly all of the buildings were destroyed by fire, and another fire occurred in 1864. The majority of the current buildings were reconstructed after these fires.
■ Modern Preservation Efforts (20th Century–Present)
In 1994, Tenryu-ji was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the "Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto," solidifying its status as an internationally recognized cultural treasure. Today, many cultural assets and the gardens are preserved, with the Sogenchi Garden being particularly celebrated and designated as a Special Place of Scenic Beauty.
The garden remains in its original form from the time of its creation, reflecting the vision of Muso Soseki. Tenryu-ji continues to serve as a place for Zen practice and meditation, attracting many visitors and practitioners from around the world.
Tenryu-ji Temple, an important Zen temple located in Kyoto's Arashiyama district, offers numerous attractions. Below are some of the key highlights worth noting.
■ Sogenchi Garden
Sogenchi Garden is one of Tenryu-ji's main attractions, boasting over 700 years of history. Designed by the renowned Zen monk Muso Soseki, this garden is a classic example of a strolling pond garden, where visitors can enjoy various views of the garden's beauty while walking around the pond. At the center of the garden is a large pond surrounded by strategically placed stones and pine trees. The garden incorporates the scenic backdrop of Arashiyama, offering stunning views that change with the seasons.
The garden is recognized as Japan's first "Special Place of Scenic Beauty," highlighting its aesthetic and historical value. It is particularly admired during the autumn foliage and cherry blossom season in spring, offering visitors a chance to experience the natural beauty throughout the year. The garden is not only a visual delight but also serves as a place of tranquility and harmony, reflecting the teachings of Zen.
■ Unryu-zu (Cloud Dragon Painting)
Unryu-zu is a large painting of a dragon on the ceiling of the Hatto (Dharma Hall), known for appearing to gaze at viewers from any angle. Painted by Kayama Matazo in 1997 to commemorate the 650th anniversary of Tenryu-ji's founder Muso Soseki, this artwork spans a diameter of 9 meters and leaves a profound impression on visitors.
The painting is displayed to the public on weekends and special holidays, allowing visitors to experience its impressive scale up close. The Hatto, where Unryu-zu is housed, also serves as a significant space for conveying Zen teachings, hosting meditation sessions and other spiritual practices.
■ Shoin and Kuri
The Shoin (study hall) and Kuri (kitchen) are key buildings within Tenryu-ji. The Shoin, divided into the "Great Shoin" and "Small Shoin," has historically served as the living quarters and study area for monks. The Great Shoin, completed in 1899, is used for ceremonies and large gatherings, featuring a spacious veranda facing the inner gate and windows overlooking the Sogenchi Garden. The interior follows traditional Shoin architecture, with six sections centered around a central Buddha statue.
The Kuri serves as the temple's kitchen and plays a vital role in preparing meals and managing the temple's economic activities. Inside the Kuri, there is a painting known as "Daruma-zu," depicting the founder of Zen Buddhism, Bodhidharma. The Kuri is also open to visitors, offering a valuable insight into Zen teachings and the temple's daily life.
■ Annual Events at Tenryu-ji
Tenryu-ji hosts a variety of Buddhist events throughout the year, each with its unique significance and history. The "New Year's Tea Ceremony" draws many visitors during the New Year, praying for peace and prosperity in the coming year. On February 3, the "Setsubun Festival" features a bean-throwing ceremony to ward off evil spirits. The "Nehan-e" on March 15 commemorates the Buddha's passing, reaffirming his teachings.
The "Hanamatsuri" on April 8 celebrates the Buddha's birthday with a ceremony involving pouring sweet tea over a flower-adorned altar. The "Ullambana Festival" in August includes a lantern-floating ceremony for ancestral spirits, honoring the deceased. The "Daruma Memorial" in October commemorates Bodhidharma, reinforcing his teachings and spirit. Finally, the "Jodo-e" on December 8 marks the Buddha's enlightenment, emphasizing the importance of the path to enlightenment.
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Tenryu-ji is a crucial temple in Japan, known for its historical background, beautiful gardens, and rich cultural heritage. The stunning Sogenchi Garden, Unryu-zu, and the Shoin and Kuri buildings offer visitors deep impressions. They convey the temple's rich history and tradition.
When visiting Kyoto, be sure to explore Tenryu-ji and experience its abundant history and culture.