🕓 2025/2/2
#Culture
A Detailed Guide to the History and Experience of Hanging Scrolls
Table of Contents
- 1. What Is a Hanging Scroll?
- 2. History of Hanging Scrolls
- 3. Structure of Hanging Scrolls
- 4. Types of Hanging Scrolls
Introduction
A hanging scroll (kakejiku) is a traditional Japanese decorative item made by mounting calligraphy or East Asian paintings on fabric or paper for display and appreciation. This article provides a detailed introduction to the basics, history, structure, and types of hanging scrolls. As a traditional Japanese decorative art form, the beauty and cultural significance of hanging scrolls continue to be loved by many people today. We hope this article helps you gain a deeper understanding of the charm of hanging scrolls and their diverse forms of expression.
*Please note that images are for illustrative purposes only.
What Is a Hanging Scroll?
A hanging scroll (kakejiku) is a traditional Japanese decorative item made by mounting calligraphy or East Asian paintings on fabric or paper for display and appreciation. As the name suggests, hanging scrolls can be hung on walls for display, and when stored, they can be rolled up compactly. They are most commonly displayed in the tokonoma (alcove) of traditional Japanese homes.
There are various types that are used according to different occasions and seasons. These include “everyday scrolls” for daily display, “seasonal scrolls” to enjoy seasonal changes, “celebratory scrolls” for auspicious occasions, and “Buddhist scrolls” used for Buddhist ceremonies. For example, cherry blossom paintings or calligraphy might be displayed in spring, while cool landscape paintings are hung in summer.
While some hanging scrolls display paintings, those featuring calligraphy are also extremely popular. Calligraphy scrolls feature Chinese poetry, haiku, proverbs, and other texts written in ink, where the characters themselves are appreciated as art. Since Japanese calligraphy places great importance on brushwork, composition, and the beauty of negative space, displaying these works as hanging scrolls further enhances their appeal.
Hanging scrolls are a precious cultural heritage that symbolize Japanese tradition and aesthetics, and they continue to be loved by many people today. By understanding and appreciating their artistry and cultural significance, you can gain a deeper appreciation of Japan’s rich culture.
>> Hanging Scroll Production Service
History of Hanging Scrolls
The hanging scroll (kakejiku) is a traditional Japanese art form with origins in China, originally used as a medium for displaying Buddhist paintings. Below is a detailed explanation of the history of hanging scrolls.
■ From China to Japan
The roots of hanging scrolls can be traced back to the Jin Dynasty (265-420 AD) in China. During this period, paintings and calligraphy for Buddhist worship were created on fabric and paper and stored in scroll form. During the Asuka period (593-710), hanging scrolls were introduced to Japan along with Buddhism, and they spread as objects of Buddhist worship.
■ Development in Japan
During the Heian period (794-1185), uniquely Japanese mounting techniques developed, and hanging scrolls began to be used for purposes beyond Buddhism. During this era, picture scrolls (emakimono) became particularly popular. In the Kamakura period (1185-1333), ink wash painting (suiboku-ga) was introduced from China, and Japanese artists adopted and developed new forms of expression.
■ Tea Ceremony and Hanging Scrolls
During the Muromachi period (1336-1573), Sen no Rikyu emphasized the importance of hanging scrolls alongside the development of the tea ceremony. Hanging scrolls were displayed in the tokonoma of tea rooms and became an essential element for expressing the spirit and seasonal sensibility of the tea ceremony. This established hanging scrolls as recognized works of art and led to their widespread use as part of the tea ceremony tradition.
■ Popularization in the Edo Period
During the Edo period (1603-1868), hanging scrolls spread further among the common people, and literati painting (bunjin-ga) — paintings created as a hobby by intellectuals — became popular. Literati painting fused calligraphy and painting, and mounting techniques for hanging scrolls also became more sophisticated. During this period, hanging scrolls came to be displayed in ordinary households, becoming an integral part of Japanese domestic culture.
■ Hanging Scrolls Today
Since the Meiji era, even as Westernization progressed, hanging scrolls have continued to be preserved as part of Japanese traditional culture. Today, while the number of homes with tokonoma alcoves has decreased, their value as fine art is being reconsidered, and they are cherished by art enthusiasts and collectors. Modern hanging scrolls incorporate new designs and methods of expression while carrying on traditional techniques.
Structure of Hanging Scrolls
A hanging scroll is a traditional Japanese decorative item made by mounting calligraphy or paintings on fabric or paper for appreciation. The structure of a hanging scroll consists mainly of the following components:
■ Honshi (Main Paper)
The honshi is the central part of the hanging scroll, referring to the paper or silk on which the calligraphy or painting is rendered. This is the main feature of the scroll; in the case of calligraphy, Chinese poems, haiku, proverbs, and other texts are written here in ink. High-quality Japanese washi paper or silk is typically used for the honshi, which helps preserve the longevity and beauty of the work.
■ Ten-chi (Heaven and Earth)
Ten-chi refers to the fabric or paper sections attached above and below the honshi, serving to protect the work and enhance its appearance. The upper portion is called “ten” (heaven) and the lower portion “chi” (earth). The colors and patterns of the ten-chi are selected to complement the content of the honshi, playing a role in creating overall harmony. The balance between heaven and earth is a crucial element that determines the beauty of the entire scroll.
■ Chumawashi (Inner Border)
The chumawashi is the fabric or paper section that surrounds the honshi on all four sides. It serves a decorative function and has the effect of making the artwork stand out. Colors and patterns that match the atmosphere and theme of the work are selected for the chumawashi, making it an important element for achieving overall aesthetic balance.
■ Futai (Wind Strips)
The futai are narrow strips of fabric that hang down from the top of the scroll. Originally used to protect the honshi from wind, they now serve primarily as decorative elements. The futai add movement and accent to the scroll’s design, making the choice of colors and patterns important.
■ Ichimonji (Decorative Strips)
The ichimonji are narrow strips of fabric positioned above and below the honshi that serve a decorative function. They are often adorned with particularly luxurious ornamentation and serve to elevate the formality of the entire scroll. The materials and colors of the ichimonji are carefully selected to match the theme and setting of the hanging scroll.
■ Jikusaki (Roller Knobs)
The jikusaki are the wooden or bamboo pieces at both ends of the bottom of the scroll, designed to make the scroll easier to roll up. They play an important role when storing the scroll and are also designed as decorative elements. Traditional jikusaki may be made from expensive materials such as ivory or lacquer.
[ Features of Calligraphy Hanging Scrolls ]
Calligraphy hanging scrolls are specially crafted to highlight the beauty of the written characters. Below are some of their key features.
– Content of the Calligraphy:
Calligraphy scrolls feature Chinese poetry, haiku, proverbs, and other texts. These are chosen to match the season or theme, enhancing the atmosphere of the moment.
– The Beauty of Negative Space:
In calligraphy, the placement of characters and use of negative space are extremely important. Negative space expresses tranquility and a sense of spatial openness, creating balance throughout the entire work.
– Mounting Techniques:
For calligraphy scrolls, simple and elegant mounting is often chosen to complement the characters. The color and texture of the fabric are carefully selected to accentuate the beauty of the calligraphy.
Types of Hanging Scrolls
Hanging scrolls come in various types depending on where and when they are displayed and their purpose. Each type has specific characteristics and objectives, and they are deeply connected to Japanese culture. Here, we provide a detailed explanation of the main types of hanging scrolls.
■ Everyday Scrolls (Nichijo-gake)
Everyday scrolls are hanging scrolls displayed for daily enjoyment. They depict seasonal landscapes and bird-and-flower paintings, and are used to appreciate the changing seasons. For example, cherry blossoms or plum blossoms are commonly depicted in spring, cool landscapes in summer, autumn leaves in fall, and snow scenes in winter.
■ Celebratory Scrolls (Shugi-gake)
Celebratory scrolls are used for festive occasions such as weddings, birthdays, and anniversaries. A typical motif is “Takasago,” which symbolizes marital longevity and happiness. Other commonly depicted subjects include auspicious cranes and turtles, as well as pine, bamboo, and plum blossoms.
■ Buddhist Scrolls (Butsuji-gake)
Buddhist scrolls are used during Buddhist ceremonies and memorial services. They depict Buddhist paintings or sutras and are displayed during services such as Obon (Festival of the Dead) and equinox ceremonies. Images of Fudo Myoo (Acala) or Kannon Bosatsu (Avalokitesvara) are commonly depicted, carrying strong religious significance.
■ Seasonal Festival Scrolls (Sekku-gake)
Seasonal festival scrolls are displayed to coincide with specific traditional seasonal celebrations. For Hinamatsuri (Doll Festival), paintings of the imperial dolls are featured, while for Tango no Sekku (Children’s Day), images of carp climbing waterfalls or Shoki (the demon queller) are displayed. These scrolls celebrate seasonal events and enliven the atmosphere of the home.
■ Calligraphy Scrolls
Calligraphy scrolls are hanging scrolls designed to display works of calligraphy. Zen phrases, moral teachings, and poetry are written in ink, and both their beauty and spiritual depth are appreciated. They are particularly common in tea rooms and are closely associated with the tea ceremony.
[ Types of Mounting ]
The mounting (hyoso) of hanging scrolls can be broadly divided into two types: “Yamato Hyoso” (Japanese-style mounting) and “Bunjin Hyoso” (Literati-style mounting).
■ Yamato Hyoso (Japanese-Style Mounting)
Yamato Hyoso is a uniquely Japanese mounting style and the traditional form for hanging scrolls. It is divided into three formats — “Shin” (formal/regular script), “Gyo” (semi-formal/running script), and “So” (informal/cursive script) — each with variations such as “Shin no Shin,” “Shin no Gyo,” and “Shin no So,” indicating different levels of formality.
“Shin no Shin” is the most formal style, used for Buddhist paintings and works of worship. It features double-layered ichimonji-mawashi with suji-mawashi borders, characterized by strict and magnificent decoration. “Shin no Gyo,” which omits the ichimonji-mawashi, is slightly less formal but still considered a high-grade mounting. “Shin no So,” the most simplified form, omits even the ichimonji, yet still belongs to the Shin category.
“Gyo no Shin” is a common mounting format used for a wide range of works including bird-and-flower paintings and landscape paintings. It carries high formality and is particularly used at shrines and other sacred settings. “Gyo no Gyo” holds moderate formality and is suitable for everyday viewing. “Gyo no So” is the simplest format, suitable for daily-use scrolls, though it is less commonly seen.
“So no Gyo” is frequently used in tea ceremony settings, applied to works by Zen monks and tea masters. It features minimal decoration and a simple, practical design. “So no So” is the simplest form, designed to avoid excessive ornamentation, where the ichimonji does not surround the honshi and decoration is kept to a minimum.
■ Bunjin Hyoso (Literati-Style Mounting)
Bunjin Hyoso is a mounting style of Chinese origin, primarily used for literati paintings, Chinese poetry, and nanga (Southern-style painting). This format features a simple and functional style designed to enhance the natural beauty of the work, with decorations specifically crafted to highlight the beauty of calligraphy and poetry. Maru Hyoso (round mounting) is one of the most common forms of literati mounting, characterized by a simple, unified design where the entire scroll is surrounded by the same fabric.
It is relatively affordable and therefore widely available. Mincho Hyoso (Ming Dynasty-style mounting) features the same fabric surrounding the entire scroll with narrow borders on both sides, resulting in a simple yet refined design. It is primarily used for Chinese literature, Chinese poetry, and nanga, with designs that respect the artist’s thoughts and sensibility.
Hanging Scroll Production at BesPes
We offer fully custom-made, original hanging scroll production services.
- – Want a hanging scroll but unsure about the design
- – Want to create a hanging scroll even without a specific design in mind
- – Want to create a hanging scroll that matches your room
We partner with craftspeople who can produce traditional hanging scrolls, enabling us to create original designs from artwork creation to scroll selection. Please see below for details.
>> Hanging Scroll Production Service
In Closing
Hanging scrolls are traditional Japanese decorative items with origins in China, but they have developed within Japan’s unique aesthetic sensibility and culture. Historically originating from Buddhist paintings, they came to serve diverse purposes as decorative items in tea ceremonies and everyday life.
Calligraphy hanging scrolls are particularly popular and highly valued for their artistry. Even today, they continue to be loved by many people, incorporating new forms of expression while carrying on traditional techniques. We hope this article helps you gain a deeper understanding and appreciation of Japan’s rich culture and aesthetics through the world of hanging scrolls.