A Detailed Explanation of the History and Overview of Hirosaki Castle

 

　Table of Contents

1. Overview of Hirosaki Castle
2. History of Hirosaki Castle
3. Highlights of Hirosaki Castle
   

Introduction

Hirosaki Castle stands as a prominent example of Japanese castle architecture and a significant cultural asset, particularly in the Tohoku region. This article provides a detailed explanation of the castle's overview, important events throughout its long history, and the must-see attractions for visitors.

By gaining a deeper understanding of Hirosaki Castle, you will better appreciate Japan's history, culture, and the natural beauty that surrounds it. We hope this information proves useful for your upcoming explorations.

1. Overview of Hirosaki Castle 

Hirosaki Castle is a historic castle located in Hirosaki City, Aomori Prefecture, built by the Tsugaru clan in 1611. The castle is a hirayamashiro (a castle built on a plain or low hill) and served as the residence of the Tsugaru clan for over 200 years. The original main keep (tenshu) was a five-story structure, but it was destroyed by lightning in 1627. It was later rebuilt in 1810 as a three-story keep, which still stands today. The current keep is recognized for its historical significance as the only remaining Edo-period castle structure in the Tohoku region.

Hirosaki Castle is one of the twelve original castles in Japan that still have their tenshu from the Edo period, making it a valuable cultural asset. The castle grounds feature three yagura (turrets) and five gates from the Edo period, all designated as Important Cultural Properties by the Japanese government. The expansive grounds are surrounded by moats and earthen walls, preserving the defensive structures from that era.

Surrounding the castle is the vast Hirosaki Park, which is home to approximately 2,600 cherry trees, making it one of Japan's most famous cherry blossom viewing spots. The annual "Hirosaki Sakura Matsuri" (Cherry Blossom Festival) held every spring attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors who come to enjoy the stunning scenery of the castle framed by cherry blossoms. The park is also a popular destination in autumn for its vibrant foliage and in winter for the Snow Lantern Festival, offering seasonal events throughout the year.

Additionally, Hirosaki Castle offers a wealth of exhibits that showcase its history and culture. Visitors can explore the museum within the castle grounds, where they can view armor, documents, and other artifacts related to the Tsugaru clan. Due to its historical significance and beautiful natural surroundings, Hirosaki Castle is one of Aomori Prefecture's premier tourist destinations and a place where visitors can deeply experience Japan's culture and history.

2. History of Hirosaki Castle 

Hirosaki Castle is known for its rich history and its important role in the Tsugaru region. Below is a detailed explanation of the castle's history, divided into key events.

　1. Construction and Early History (1603-1611)

The construction of Hirosaki Castle began in 1603 under the leadership of Tsugaru Tamenobu. Tamenobu, who had gained independence from the Nanbu clan and established control over the Tsugaru region, decided to build Hirosaki Castle as his stronghold. However, he passed away in 1607, before the construction was completed. His son, Tsugaru Nobuhira, took over the project and resumed construction in 1610, aiming to build a more fortified castle. Nobuhira completed the castle in 1611, featuring a five-story main keep, which became a symbol of the Tsugaru clan's authority in the region.

The original five-story main keep was one of the tallest structures in the Tohoku region at the time, reflecting the clan's power and influence.

　2. The Lightning Fire and Loss of the Main Keep (1627)

In 1627, the main keep of Hirosaki Castle was struck by lightning, causing a fire that destroyed the structure. The fire started when lightning hit the golden shachihoko (ornamental roof finial) on the top of the keep, spreading flames that ignited gunpowder stored inside, leading to an explosion. The entire main keep was lost, and the castle suffered significant damage.

Due to strict restrictions imposed by the Edo Shogunate on new castle construction and the rebuilding of main keeps, the Tsugaru clan was unable to rebuild the keep, and Hirosaki Castle remained without a main keep for nearly 200 years. This event marked a major turning point in the history of Hirosaki Castle and had a lasting impact on the power of the Tsugaru clan.

　3. Reconstruction of the Main Keep (1810)

In the early 1800s, Tsugaru Yasuchika, the 9th lord of the Tsugaru domain, successfully obtained permission from the Shogunate to rebuild the main keep. The reconstruction was officially carried out under the guise of "defensive enhancement," as new castle construction was heavily restricted by the Shogunate's policies at the time.

The Tsugaru clan dismantled the original Tatsumi Yagura (southeast turret) and reused its materials to reconstruct the main keep. The new three-story keep was completed in 1810 and is the structure that still stands today. This rebuilt keep is a valuable example of late Edo-period castle architecture and was designed to enhance the defensive capabilities of the Tsugaru domain, serving as a crucial part of the castle's fortifications against potential threats.​

　4. The Meiji Restoration and Preservation of the Castle (1871-1895)

With the Meiji Restoration in 1868 and the subsequent abolition of feudal domains in 1871, Hirosaki Castle, like many others in Japan, faced the threat of demolition. However, thanks to the efforts of the local community, parts of the castle were preserved. In 1873, the main keep was dismantled, and the castle grounds were converted into a public park.

In 1894, the site was officially opened as Hirosaki Park and made accessible to the public. Additionally, several remaining structures within the castle grounds were designated as Important Cultural Properties in 1908, recognizing their cultural significance. This period marked the beginning of serious preservation efforts for Hirosaki Castle, which continue to this day.

　5. Modern Preservation and Tourism

Today, Hirosaki Castle is maintained as part of Hirosaki Park and is especially renowned for its cherry blossoms in spring. With around 2,600 cherry trees blooming in the park, the view is celebrated nationwide, attracting many tourists each year. In winter, the Snow Lantern Festival creates a magical atmosphere where visitors can enjoy the historical castle surrounded by illuminated snow sculptures.

In recent years, the castle has undergone significant preservation work, including the restoration of its stone walls. As part of this work, the main keep was temporarily relocated—a rare and fascinating sight. These ongoing preservation efforts are essential to ensuring that the historical significance of Hirosaki Castle is passed down to future generations.

3. Highlights of Hirosaki Castle 

Hirosaki Castle is not only rich in history but also boasts beautiful scenery and culturally significant sites. Below are some key highlights that you should not miss when visiting Hirosaki Castle.

　■ Main Keep

The main keep of Hirosaki Castle is one of the few remaining Edo-period castle structures in the Tohoku region. The current keep was rebuilt in 1810 by the 9th lord of the Tsugaru domain, Tsugaru Yasuchika. This reconstruction was carried out with permission from the shogunate under the pretext of "defense enhancement," reusing materials from the original structure rather than constructing a new building.

The rebuilt keep is a three-story structure, and inside, visitors can find historical artifacts and armor related to the Tsugaru family. From the top of the keep, visitors can enjoy a panoramic view of Hirosaki City and the beautiful scenery of the castle grounds, with the cherry blossoms in spring providing a particularly stunning contrast.

　■ Sannomaru Otemon Gate

The Sannomaru Otemon Gate is one of the main gates of Hirosaki Castle, built during the Edo period, and it still retains its original form. Serving as the castle’s main entrance, this grand gate symbolized the authority and defensive strength of the Tsugaru clan.

The gate is designated as an Important Cultural Property and has been meticulously restored and preserved over the years. Visitors passing through the gate can feel the historical significance and the grandeur of the Tsugaru domain.

　■ Ninomaru Minamisumi Yagura (Southwest Turret)

The Minamisumi Yagura, located in the Ninomaru (second bailey) of Hirosaki Castle, played an important role in the castle’s defensive system. This two-story turret was designed as part of the castle's fortifications. Today, the Minamisumi Yagura is open to the public, with exhibits of armor and other defensive equipment.

From the turret, visitors can enjoy views of the castle grounds and the surrounding area, immersing themselves in the historical atmosphere. The turret is also designated as an Important Cultural Property, recognized for its historical value.

　■ Hirosaki Park

Surrounding Hirosaki Castle, Hirosaki Park is renowned nationwide as one of Japan's top cherry blossom viewing spots. The park is home to about 2,600 cherry trees, earning it a place among Japan’s three most famous cherry blossom locations. During the annual "Hirosaki Sakura Matsuri" (Cherry Blossom Festival) in spring, the park is illuminated at night, creating a magical scene where the castle and cherry blossoms come together.

Hirosaki Park is also a place to enjoy the beauty of all four seasons. In autumn, the park is adorned with vibrant fall foliage, and in winter, the Snow Lantern Festival offers a picturesque setting, with various events held throughout the year. The seasonal landscapes provide visitors with a deeply moving experience.

　■ Gejo Bridge

Gejo Bridge is an important bridge that connects the inner moat of Hirosaki Castle to the Ninomaru. Its striking red railings make it a popular spot for photography, especially in spring when the contrast with the cherry blossoms creates a beautiful scene. The name "Gejo Bridge" originates from the custom that people were required to dismount from their horses when crossing it.

This tradition continues today, and crossing the bridge allows visitors to feel the weight of history. Gejo Bridge is one of the must-see spots when visiting Hirosaki Castle.

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 Conclusion 

In conclusion, Hirosaki Castle is a beloved destination where historical value and natural beauty come together. Having withstood many challenges since its construction, Hirosaki Castle remains a precious legacy of Japanese castle architecture. Its charm is especially evident during the cherry blossom season, autumn foliage, and the snowy landscapes of winter.

We hope this article has helped you gain a deeper understanding of Hirosaki Castle's rich history and diverse attractions. When you visit, take the time to appreciate both the historical context and the natural beauty, and enjoy a truly memorable experience.