A Detailed Explanation of Sanjusangendo's History and Overview

 

　Table of Contents

1. Overview of Sanjusangendo
2. History of Sanjusangendo
3. Highlights of Sanjusangendo
   

Introduction

Sanjusangendo, located in the Higashiyama district of Kyoto, is a historic Buddhist temple of the Tendai sect. Its official name is Rengeo-in, and it is renowned for its vast size and beautiful collection of statues. The main hall houses 1,001 statues of the Thousand-Armed Kannon, which are considered the pinnacle of Japanese Buddhist art. The sheer number and intricate craftsmanship of these statues captivate visitors. The temple is also famous for the annual archery event called "Toshiya," held every January, where young adults dressed in traditional attire shoot arrows, a beloved New Year's tradition.

Thus, Sanjusangendo is highly regarded as a representative cultural treasure of Japan, with its grand scale, historical background, and rich cultural heritage. Please refer to the following sections for more detailed information when planning your visit to Kyoto.

1. Overview of Sanjusangendo 

Sanjusangendo, a Buddhist temple of the Tendai sect located in the Higashiyama district of Kyoto, is officially known as Rengeo-in. It houses 1,001 statues of the Thousand-Armed Kannon, which are one of its main attractions, known for their sheer number and scale. The detailed craftsmanship of these statues represents the pinnacle of Japanese Buddhist art. Additionally, the main hall features 28 guardian deities, including the statues of the wind and thunder gods, which are designated as National Treasures.

Historically, the temple was founded in 1164 by Taira no Kiyomori under the directive of Emperor Go-Shirakawa. The name "Sanjusangendo" originates from the 33 spaces between the pillars in the main hall, reflecting the belief that the Kannon Bodhisattva can transform into 33 different forms to save all beings. The original structure, including a five-storied pagoda, was lost in a fire in 1249 and was rebuilt in 1266, which is the structure we see today.

The central seated statue of the Thousand-Armed Kannon, created by the renowned Kamakura-period sculptor Tankei and his disciples, stands approximately 3.35 meters tall and reaches about 7 meters when including the halo behind it.

The main hall stretches approximately 125 meters from north to south, making it a rare example of large-scale wooden architecture. Inside, 1,001 standing statues of the Thousand-Armed Kannon are enshrined, with 124 of these statues dating back to the original construction, and the remainder added during the Kamakura period reconstruction.

Additionally, Sanjusangendo features statues of the wind and thunder gods, as well as the 28 guardian deities. These statues are all crafted from hinoki cypress wood using the yosegi-zukuri technique and are painted with exquisite detail. Every January, the temple hosts an archery competition known as "Toshiya," attracting around 2,000 archers from across Japan.

2. History of Sanjusangendo 

The history of Sanjusangendo, from its founding to the present, encompasses many significant events. Below is a chronological overview of the major events.。

　■ Creation and Early History (1164 - 1266)

Sanjusangendo, officially known as Rengeo-in, was established in 1164 by the order of Emperor Go-Shirakawa. The construction was supported by Taira no Kiyomori, resulting in a grand temple complex that included a five-storied pagoda and other halls. The name "Sanjusangendo" originates from the 33 spaces between the pillars in the main hall, which symbolize the 33 forms of the Kannon Bodhisattva. It is also known as the "temple of headache relief," as it is said that Emperor Go-Shirakawa's headaches were cured upon the temple's construction.

　■ The Great Fire of Kencho and Reconstruction (1249)

In 1249, Sanjusangendo (Rengeo-in) was destroyed by the "Great Fire of Kencho," a massive fire that ravaged many buildings in Kyoto at the time. The entire temple complex was lost in the blaze. However, in 1266, Emperor Go-Saga ordered the reconstruction of the main hall, a process that took 16 years. The rebuilt temple featured a red exterior and vividly colored interior. The 1,001 statues of the Thousand-Armed Kannon were reinstalled during this reconstruction. The rebuilt hall showcased the pinnacle of contemporary art and craftsmanship, and it retains its beauty to this day.

　■ Toshiya Archery in the Momoyama Period (1600s)

During the Momoyama period, Sanjusangendo hosted the Toshiya archery competition, where participants shot arrows across the length of the hall, spanning 120 meters. This event became a notable occasion for samurai to demonstrate their archery skills. While the origins of Toshiya are unclear, by the Edo period, it was known as the "Oomato Tournament," attracting many samurai and archers.​

　■ Restoration and Management in the Edo Period and Beyond (1700s)

In the Edo period, Sanjusangendo came under the management of Myoho-in Temple. This period saw significant restoration efforts to preserve the temple's statues and buildings. The main hall, rebuilt in 1266, has undergone several restorations, maintaining its grandeur. The hall, approximately 120 meters long, houses 1,001 statues of the Thousand-Armed Kannon, 124 of which date back to the Heian period and are designated as National Treasures.

During the Edo period, under the orders of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, a large Buddha Hall was constructed around the temple, and the Sanjusangendo grounds were extensively renovated.​​

3. Highlights of Sanjusangendo 

Sanjusangendo, a temple of the Tendai sect located in the Higashiyama district of Kyoto, is officially named Rengeo-in Main Hall. Its long history and numerous attractions captivate visitors. Below are some of the key highlights:

　■ Seated Statue of Thousand-Armed Kannon
The Seated Statue of the Thousand-Armed Kannon is housed in Rengeo-in at Sanjusangendo. It was crafted by the Kamakura-period sculptor Tankei and his disciples. This statue stands 3.35 meters tall and reaches about 7 meters when including the halo. Made from hinoki cypress wood using the yosegi-zukuri technique, the statue is coated with lacquer and covered with gold leaf.

This Thousand-Armed Kannon statue features 42 hands, symbolizing the "thousand arms" concept. Each hand holds a symbolic tool representing various Buddhist teachings. Created by Tankei in his eighties, the statue is renowned for its intricate craftsmanship and serene expression, leaving a deep impression on visitors. The statue is designated as a National Treasure and is surrounded by 1,000 standing statues of the Thousand-Armed Kannon.

　■ One Thousand Standing Statues of Thousand-Armed Kannon
Flanking the Seated Statue of the Thousand-Armed Kannon are 500 standing statues of the Thousand-Armed Kannon on each side, making a total of 1,000 statues. These statues create a breathtaking sight within the hall. Each statue features 11 faces and 40 hands, each holding various objects related to Buddhist teachings, symbolizing the compassion and diverse roles of the Kannon Bodhisattva.

In front of these standing statues are the 28 guardian deities, or the "Nijuhachi Bushu," and the statues of the wind and thunder gods. These statues are also designated as National Treasures and are notable for their unique expressions and postures.​

　■ Statues of the Wind and Thunder Gods

The statues of the Wind and Thunder Gods at Sanjusangendo are the oldest such statues in Japan. Created during the Kamakura period, the Wind God is depicted carrying a bag of wind, while the Thunder God carries a set of drums. These statues are modeled after gods from ancient Indian scriptures, the Rigveda, symbolizing the fusion of Buddhist and Hindu deities. The statues are designated as National Treasures and are admired for their detailed craftsmanship and lifelike expressions.

　■ Taiko Bei (Hideyoshi’s Earthen Wall)

The Taiko Bei, or Hideyoshi's Earthen Wall, was constructed during the Momoyama period under the patronage of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. It adjoins the South Gate of Sanjusangendo. The wall is approximately 92 meters long and 5.2 meters high, featuring a robust wooden frame and earth construction. The wall showcases the opulent architectural techniques of the time, with tiles bearing the "Taiko Kiri" crest, indicating its connection to Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Inscriptions found on tiles during repairs, such as "Tensho 16 August Daibutsuden Tile," provide valuable historical insights.

　■ South Gate

The South Gate, believed to have been constructed in 1600 by Toyotomi Hideyori, serves as the entrance to Sanjusangendo. Built in the three-bay, one-door style, the gate features a gabled roof covered with ceramic tiles, reflecting the architectural style of the Momoyama period.

The gate is richly decorated, with carvings of flowers, birds, and animals that draw the eye. These decorations showcase the artistic sensibilities of the period, and the gate itself is designated as an Important Cultural Property. While the temple once had a West Gate as well, only the South Gate remains today, contributing to the historical landscape of Sanjusangendo.

　■ Toshiya (Archery Competition)

Toshiya is a traditional archery competition held at Sanjusangendo, where participants shoot arrows across the 120-meter length of the temple's west veranda. The event, which dates back to the Momoyama period, gained popularity during the Edo period. Today, it is held annually on a Sunday close to January 15th and is known as the "Oomato Tournament." The sight of young adults in traditional attire shooting arrows is a vibrant part of Kyoto's New Year festivities.

The competition consists of a preliminary and a final round. In the preliminary round, participants shoot two arrows, and those who hit the target with both advance to the finals. The final round, called "Yajiri Competition," involves participants shooting one arrow each, with those missing the target being eliminated until a winner is determined.

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 In Conclusion 

Sanjusangendo stands as a pinnacle of Japanese Buddhist art and architecture, showcasing a rich history and cultural heritage. The hall's 1,001 statues of the Thousand-Armed Kannon, along with the statues of the wind and thunder gods and the 28 guardian deities, all designated as National Treasures, continue to fascinate visitors.

We hope this article has given you a glimpse into the rich history, artistic value, and charm of Sanjusangendo. If you visit Kyoto, be sure to explore Sanjusangendo and experience its overwhelming beauty and historical significance firsthand. As a symbol of Kyoto and a cultural treasure of Japan, Sanjusangendo will continue to be loved by many.